Announcement 2
Dear Students,
I have posted discussion questions . Kindly genertate discussion on the plat form.
Besides, you need to post a timeline of the theories of motivation under the discussion tab. these tasks must be done before the next class.
All the best!
2 Comments
Timeline of Motivational Theories
1890s – Instinct Theory
William James
* Human behavior is controlled by instincts.
* 1913 – Behaviorism
John B. Watson
* Rewards and punishments shape behavior.
* 1930s – Drive Reduction Theory
Clark Hull
* People act to satisfy basic needs like hunger and thirst.
* 1943 – Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow
* Human needs move from basic needs to self-actualization.
* 1950s – Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner
* Reinforcement increases desired behavior.
* 1959 – Two-Factor Theory
Frederick Herzberg
* Motivation depends on hygiene factors and motivators.
* 1960 – Theory X and Theory Y
Douglas McGregor
* Different management styles affect worker motivation.
* 1964 – Expectancy Theory
Victor Vroom
* People work harder when they expect rewards.
* 1960s – Achievement Motivation Theory
David McClelland
* Achievement, power, and affiliation motivate people.
* 1970s – Goal-Setting Theory
Edwin Locke
* Clear goals improve performance.
* 1978 – Self-Efficacy Theory
Albert Bandura
* Confidence in abilities increases motivation.
* 1985 – Self-Determination Theory
Deci & Ryan
* Autonomy and personal growth motivate individuals.
* 2000s–Present – Positive Psychology
Martin Seligman
* Focus on happiness, strengths, and well-being.
Timeline of motivational theories:
Instinctual Motivation Theory (Early 20th century):
William McDougall and other early psychologists proposed that human behaviour is driven by inborn biological instincts. Motivation was considered to be an innate, inherited characteristic, rather than a learned experience.
1913–1950: Behaviorist Motivation Theory
B.F. Skinner and other behaviorists theorised that motivation comes from external stimuli, reinforcement, and punishment. Learning takes place when actions are rewarded or punished depending on their results. Skinner’s idea of operant conditioning gained popularity in the areas of classroom management and behaviour modification.
1943: Hierarchy of Needs Theory
Need Hierarchy Theory Abraham Maslow proposed the Need Hierarchy Theory. According to this theory, human motivation takes place at five levels, namely, physiological needs, safety, love and belonging, esteem and self-actualization. This theory was centred on personal growth and fulfilment as the greatest motivator for individuals.
1959: Two Factor Theory of Motivation
The Two Factor Theory by Frederick Herzberg differentiates between “hygiene factors” (salary, security, working conditions, etc.) and “motivators” (achievement, recognition, personal growth, etc.). The theory stressed that real motivation comes from internal satisfaction and not only from external rewards.
1961: Theory of Achievement Motivation
According to David McClelland, people are motivated by three drives: achievement, affiliation and power. The theory was useful in education and leadership development as it clarified differences in learner aims and behaviour.
1964: Expectancy Motivation Theory
Victor Vroom introduced Expectancy Theory, which proposed that motivation depends on the individual’s belief that effort will lead to performance, and performance will lead to desirable rewards. Thus, motivation was associated with expectations, outcomes and personal values.
1975: Self Determination Theory (SDT)
Edward Deci and Richard Ryan are the founders of Self-Determination Theory in its current form and emphasised the role of intrinsic motivation. The theory suggested that motivation flourishes when three psychological needs are met: autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
1977: Theory of Self-Efficacy in Motivation
According to Albert Bandura, a person’s belief in their ability to succeed plays a significant role in determining their motivation and achievement. Bandura emphasised mastery experiences, self-reflection, and observational learning as important motivators.
1980s: Goal Setting Theory of Motivation
Edwin Locke said that specific and difficult but doable goals improve motivation and performance. The theory emphasised the importance of feedback, commitment and measurable progress in learning and professional accomplishments.
The 1990s: Intrinsic Motivation and Cognitive Evaluation
By studying intrinsic motivation, such as curiosity, creativity, and internal satisfaction rather than external rewards, researchers have expanded motivational theories. Educational psychologists increasingly favoured environments promoting learner autonomy and critical thinking skills.